Software quality assurance (SQA) is a process which assures that all software engineering processes, methods, activities and work items are monitored and comply against the defined standards. These defined standards could be one or a combination of any like ISO 9000, CMMI model, ISO15504, etc.

There are several techniques/tools for SQA. Auditing is the chief technique that is widely adopted. However, we have a few other significant techniques as well.

Various SQA Techniques include:

• Auditing: Auditing involves inspection of the work products and its related information to determine if the set of standard processes were followed or not.
• Reviewing: A meeting in which the software product is examined by both the internal and external stakeholders to seek their comments and approval.
• Code Inspection: It is the most formal kind of review that does static testing to find bugs and avoid defect growth in the later stages. It is done by a trained mediator/peer and is based on rules, checklist, entry and exit criteria. The reviewer should not be the author of the code.
• Design Inspection: Design inspection is done using a checklist that inspects the below areas of software design:
  • General requirements and design
  • Functional and Interface specifications
  • Conventions
  • Requirement traceability
  • Structures and interfaces
  • Logic
  • Performance
  • Error handling and recovery
  • Testability, extensibility
  • Coupling and cohesion
• Simulation: Simulation is a tool that models the real-life situation in order to virtually examine the behavior of the system under study.
• Functional Testing: It is a QA technique which verifies what the system does without considering how it does. This type of black box testing mainly focuses on testing the system specifications or features.
• Standardization: Standardization plays a crucial role in quality assurance. It decreases the ambiguity and guesswork, thus ensuring quality.
• Static Analysis: It is a software analysis that is done by an automated tool without actually executing the program. This technique is highly used for quality assurance in medical, nuclear and aviation software. Software metrics and reverse engineering are some popular forms of static analysis.
• Walkthroughs: Software walkthrough or code walkthrough is a kind of peer review where the developer guides the members of the development team to go through the product and raise queries, suggest alternatives, make comments regarding possible errors, standard violations or any other issues.
• Path Testing: It is a white box testing technique where the complete branch coverage is ensured by executing each independent path at least once.
• Stress Testing: This type of testing is done to check how robust a system is by testing it under heavy load i.e. beyond normal conditions.
• Six Sigma: Six Sigma is a quality assurance approach that aims at nearly perfect products or services. It is widely applied in many fields including software. The main objective of six sigma is process improvement so that the produced software is 99.76 % defect free.

Question 1

Howthe following works?

1. (i)READY
2. (ii)INTR
3. (iii)NMI

Answer:

How do READY, INTR and NMI Works in Microprocessor?

Question 2

If the content of DS and BX register is 2500H and 1000H respectively. From which memory location will 8086 fetch the data while executing instruction MOV CX,[BX].

Answer:

If the content of DS and BX register is 2500H …

The execution unit (EU) is supposed to decode or execute an instruction. When EU is busy in decoding and executing an instruction, the BIU fetches up to six instruction bytes for the next instructions. These bytes are called as the pre-fetched bytes and they are stored in a first in first out (FIFO) register set, which is called as a queue.

The fetching of opcodes well in advance, prior to their need for execution increases the overall efficiency of the processor boosting its speed. The processor no longer has to wait for the memory access operations for the subsequent instruction opcode to complete.

Instruction queue is 6 bytes so that it can store the longest instruction.

8086 is the Ist processor to support Instruction Queue.