Mode 0 ─ Interrupt on Terminal Count

• It is used to generate an interrupt to the microprocessor after a certain interval.
• Initially the output is low after the mode is set. The output remains LOW after the count value is loaded into the counter.
• The process of decrementing the counter continues till the terminal count is reached, i.e., the count become zero and the output goes HIGH and will remain high until it reloads a new count.
• The GATE signal is high for normal counting. When GATE goes low, counting is terminated and the current count is latched till the GATE goes high again.

Mode 1 – Programmable One Shot

• It can be used as a mono stable multi-vibrator.
• The gate input is used as a trigger input in this mode.
• The output remains high until the count is loaded and a trigger is applied.

Mode 2 – Rate Generator

• The output is normally high after initialization.
• Whenever the count becomes zero, another low pulse is generated at the output and the counter will be reloaded.

Mode 3 – Square Wave Generator

• This mode is similar to Mode 2 except the output remains low for half of the timer period and high for the other half of the period.

Mode 4 − Software Triggered Mode

• In this mode, the output will remain high until the timer has counted to zero, at which point the output will pulse low and then go high again.
• The count is latched when the GATE signal goes LOW.
• On the terminal count, the output goes low for one clock cycle then goes HIGH. This low pulse can be used as a strobe.

Mode 5 – Hardware Triggered Mode

• This mode generates a strobe in response to an externally generated signal.
• This mode is similar to mode 4 except that the counting is initiated by a signal at the gate input, which means it is hardware triggered instead of software triggered.
• After it is initialized, the output goes high.
• When the terminal count is reached, the output goes low for one clock cycle.

• First-order logic is another way of knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. It is an extension to propositional logic.
• FOL is sufficiently expressive to represent the natural language statements in a concise way.
• First-order logic is also known as Predicate logic or First-order predicate logic. First-order logic is a powerful language that develops information about the objects in a more easy way and can also express the relationship between those objects.
• First-order logic (like natural language) does not only assume that the world contains facts like propositional logic but also assumes the following things in the world:
  • Objects: A, B, people, numbers, colors, wars, theories, squares, pits, wumpus, ……
  • Relations: It can be unary relation such as: red, round, is adjacent, or n-any relation such as: the sister of, brother of, has color, comes between
  • Function: Father of, best friend, third inning of, end of, ……

The notation is called BNF (for Backus-Naur Form).

Here, the symbols t, and α are meta-variables that range over terms and formulas,
respectively.

Note: Download below attachment for above image