RL algorithm learns how to act best through many attempts and failures. Trial-and-error learning is connected with the so-called long-term reward. This reward is the ultimate goal the agent learns while interacting with an environment through numerous trials and errors. The algorithm gets short-termRead more
RL algorithm learns how to act best through many attempts and failures. Trial-and-error learning is connected with the so-called long-term reward. This reward is the ultimate goal the agent learns while interacting with an environment through numerous trials and errors. The algorithm gets short-term rewards that together lead to the cumulative, long-term one.
So, the key goal of reinforcement learning used today is to define the best sequence of decisions that allow the agent to solve a problem while maximizing a long-term reward. And that set of coherent actions is learned through the interaction with environment and observation of rewards in every state.
Main points in Reinforcement learning –
Input: The input should be an initial state from which the model will start
Output: There are many possible outputs as there are a variety of solutions to a particular problem
Training: The training is based upon the input, The model will return a state and the user will decide to reward or punish the model based on its output.
The model keeps continues to learn.
The best solution is decided based on the maximum reward.
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. This approach is similar to how humans perform decision-making. And it involves all intermediate possibilities between YES and NO. The conventional logic block that a computer understands takes precise input and produces a defRead more
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. This approach is similar to how humans perform decision-making. And it involves all intermediate possibilities between YES and NO.
The conventional logic block that a computer understands takes precise input and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to a human being’s YES or NO. The Fuzzy logic was invented by Lotfi Zadeh who observed that, unlike computers, humans have a different range of possibilities between YES and NO, such as:
Generally, we use the fuzzy logic system for both commercial and practical purposes such as:
It controls machines and consumer products
If not accurate reasoning, it at least provides acceptable reasoning
This helps in dealing with the uncertainty in engineering
So, now that you know about Fuzzy logic in AI and why we actually use it, let’s move on and understand the architecture of this logic.
The Fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve a definite output. Now, talking about the implementation of this logic:
It can be implemented in systems with different sizes and capabilities such as micro-controllers, large networked, or workstation-based systems.
Also, it can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.
Forward Engineering Forward engineering is a process of obtaining desired software from the specifications in hand which was brought down by means of reverse engineering. It assumes that there was some software engineering already done in the past. Forward engineering is the same as the software engRead more
Forward Engineering
Forward engineering is a process of obtaining desired software from the specifications in hand which was brought down by means of reverse engineering. It assumes that there was some software engineering already done in the past.
Forward engineering is the same as the software engineering process with only one difference it is carried out always after reverse engineering.
The forward engineering process applies software engineering principles, concepts, and methods to recreate an existing application. In most cases, forward engineering does not simply create a modern equivalent of an older program.
Rather, new user and technology requirements are integrated into the reengineering effort.
The redeveloped program extends the capabilities of the older application.
The example of forward engineering is the construction of electronic kit, construction of DC MOTOR , etc.
Reverse Engineering
Reverse engineering can extract design information from source code, but the abstraction level, the completeness of the documentation, the degree to which tools and a human analyst work together.
The directionality of the process are highly variable.
The abstraction level of a reverse engineering process and the tools used to effect it refers to the sophistication of the design information that can be extracted from source code.
Ideally, the abstraction level should be as high as possible.
That is, the reverse engineering process should be capable of deriving procedural design representations (a low-level abstraction), program and data structure information (a somewhat higher level of abstraction), object models, data and/or control flow models (a relatively high level of abstraction), and entity-relationship models (a high level of abstraction).
As the abstraction level increases, you are provided with information that will allow an easier understanding of the program
The completeness of a reverse engineering process refers to the level of detail that is provided at an abstraction level. In most cases, the completeness decreases as the abstraction level increases.
Interactivity refers to the degree to which the human is “integrated” with automated tools to create an effective reverse engineering process.
In most cases, as the abstraction level increases, interactivity must increase or completeness will suffer.
The directionality of the reverse engineering process is one-way, all information extracted from the source code is provided to the software engineer who can then use it during any maintenance activity.
An example of backward engineering is research on Instruments etc.
Q1) Elaborate the usage of following registers in 8259 Interrupt Request Register (IRR):The IRR is used to store all the interrupt levels which are requesting service. In-Service Register (ISR): ISR is used to store all the interrupt levels which are being serviced. Priority Resolver:Read more
Q1) Elaborate the usage of following registers in 8259
Interrupt Request Register (IRR):The IRR is used to store all the interrupt levels which are requesting service.
In-Service Register (ISR): ISR is used to store all the interrupt levels which are being serviced.
Priority Resolver: It examines all the three registers and set the priority of interrupts and according to the priority of the interrupts, interrupt with highest priority is set in ISR register. Also, it reset the interrupt level which is already been serviced in IRR.
Interrupt Mask Register (IMR): The IMR stores the bits which mask the interrupt lines to be masked. It stores the interrupt level which have to be masked by storing the masking bits of the interrupt level.
Control Logic Section: The function of this block is to accept OUTput commands from the CPU. It contains the Initialization Command Word (ICW) registers and Operation Command Word (OCW) registers which store the various control formats for device operation. This function block also allows the status of the 8259A to be transferred onto the Data Bus.
Q2//Advise the manager of the shop you have chosen on what they can do to maintain a competitive advantage against their competitors. Answer: Things they can do to maintain a competitive advantage against their competitors: Cost Leadership: In a cost leadership strategy, the objective is to become tRead more
Q2//Advise the manager of the shop you have chosen on what they can do to maintain a competitive advantage against their competitors.
Answer:
Things they can do to maintain a competitive advantage against their competitors:
Cost Leadership: In a cost leadership strategy, the objective is to become the lowest-cost producer. This is achieved through large-scale production, where companies can exploit economies of scale.
If a company is able to utilize economies of scale and produce products at a cost lower than that of its competitors, the company is then able to establish a selling price that is unable to be replicated by other companies.
Differentiation: In a differentiation strategy, a company’s products or services are differentiated from that of its competitors. This can be done by delivering high-quality products or services to customers or innovating products or services.
If a company is able to differentiate successfully, the company would then be able to set a premium price on its products or services.
Focus:In a focus strategy, a company focuses on a narrow target market segment. This strategy is successful if the company is able to successfully create products/services that can cater to these customers. The focus strategy also has two variants;
Cost-focus: Lowest-cost producer in a narrow market segment
Differentiation-focus: Differentiated products/services in a narrow market segment
What is Reinforcement Learning? | What is meant by reinforcement learning?
RL algorithm learns how to act best through many attempts and failures. Trial-and-error learning is connected with the so-called long-term reward. This reward is the ultimate goal the agent learns while interacting with an environment through numerous trials and errors. The algorithm gets short-termRead more
RL algorithm learns how to act best through many attempts and failures. Trial-and-error learning is connected with the so-called long-term reward. This reward is the ultimate goal the agent learns while interacting with an environment through numerous trials and errors. The algorithm gets short-term rewards that together lead to the cumulative, long-term one.
So, the key goal of reinforcement learning used today is to define the best sequence of decisions that allow the agent to solve a problem while maximizing a long-term reward. And that set of coherent actions is learned through the interaction with environment and observation of rewards in every state.
Main points in Reinforcement learning –
- Input: The input should be an initial state from which the model will start
- Output: There are many possible outputs as there are a variety of solutions to a particular problem
- Training: The training is based upon the input, The model will return a state and the user will decide to reward or punish the model based on its output.
- The model keeps continues to learn.
- The best solution is decided based on the maximum reward.
See lessWhere do we implement Artificial Intelligence Fuzzy Logic?
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. This approach is similar to how humans perform decision-making. And it involves all intermediate possibilities between YES and NO. The conventional logic block that a computer understands takes precise input and produces a defRead more
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. This approach is similar to how humans perform decision-making. And it involves all intermediate possibilities between YES and NO.
The conventional logic block that a computer understands takes precise input and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to a human being’s YES or NO. The Fuzzy logic was invented by Lotfi Zadeh who observed that, unlike computers, humans have a different range of possibilities between YES and NO, such as:
Generally, we use the fuzzy logic system for both commercial and practical purposes such as:
So, now that you know about Fuzzy logic in AI and why we actually use it, let’s move on and understand the architecture of this logic.
The Fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve a definite output. Now, talking about the implementation of this logic:
- It can be implemented in systems with different sizes and capabilities such as micro-controllers, large networked, or workstation-based systems.
- Also, it can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.
See lessDifferentiate between reverse engineering and forward engineering by considering example …
Forward Engineering Forward engineering is a process of obtaining desired software from the specifications in hand which was brought down by means of reverse engineering. It assumes that there was some software engineering already done in the past. Forward engineering is the same as the software engRead more
Forward Engineering
Reverse Engineering
- Reverse engineering can extract design information from source code, but the abstraction level, the completeness of the documentation, the degree to which tools and a human analyst work together.
- The directionality of the process are highly variable.
- The abstraction level of a reverse engineering process and the tools used to effect it refers to the sophistication of the design information that can be extracted from source code.
- Ideally, the abstraction level should be as high as possible.
- That is, the reverse engineering process should be capable of deriving procedural design representations (a low-level abstraction), program and data structure information (a somewhat higher level of abstraction), object models, data and/or control flow models (a relatively high level of abstraction), and entity-relationship models (a high level of abstraction).
- As the abstraction level increases, you are provided with information that will allow an easier understanding of the program
- The completeness of a reverse engineering process refers to the level of detail that is provided at an abstraction level. In most cases, the completeness decreases as the abstraction level increases.
- Interactivity refers to the degree to which the human is “integrated” with automated tools to create an effective reverse engineering process.
- In most cases, as the abstraction level increases, interactivity must increase or completeness will suffer.
- The directionality of the reverse engineering process is one-way, all information extracted from the source code is provided to the software engineer who can then use it during any maintenance activity.
- An example of backward engineering is research on Instruments etc.
See lessFit a straight line to the following data:’ x 0 1 2 3 4 y 1 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3
Download given attachment : Vote Up the answers:
Download given attachment :
Vote Up the answers:
See lessElaborate the usage of following registers in 8259 Interrupt Request Register (IRR) In-Service Register (ISR) Priority Resolver
Q1) Elaborate the usage of following registers in 8259 Interrupt Request Register (IRR):The IRR is used to store all the interrupt levels which are requesting service. In-Service Register (ISR): ISR is used to store all the interrupt levels which are being serviced. Priority Resolver:Read more
Q1) Elaborate the usage of following registers in 8259
- Control Logic Section: The function of this block is to accept OUTput commands from the CPU. It contains the Initialization Command Word (ICW) registers and Operation Command Word (OCW) registers which store the various control formats for device operation. This function block also allows the status of the 8259A to be transferred onto the Data Bus.
See lessAnalyse an online shop of your choice and explore any 4 benefits that are being experienced by the shop. Advise …
Q2//Advise the manager of the shop you have chosen on what they can do to maintain a competitive advantage against their competitors. Answer: Things they can do to maintain a competitive advantage against their competitors: Cost Leadership: In a cost leadership strategy, the objective is to become tRead more
Q2//Advise the manager of the shop you have chosen on what they can do to maintain a competitive advantage against their competitors.
Answer:
Things they can do to maintain a competitive advantage against their competitors:
Cost Leadership: In a cost leadership strategy, the objective is to become the lowest-cost producer. This is achieved through large-scale production, where companies can exploit economies of scale.
If a company is able to utilize economies of scale and produce products at a cost lower than that of its competitors, the company is then able to establish a selling price that is unable to be replicated by other companies.
Differentiation: In a differentiation strategy, a company’s products or services are differentiated from that of its competitors. This can be done by delivering high-quality products or services to customers or innovating products or services.
If a company is able to differentiate successfully, the company would then be able to set a premium price on its products or services.
Focus:In a focus strategy, a company focuses on a narrow target market segment. This strategy is successful if the company is able to successfully create products/services that can cater to these customers. The focus strategy also has two variants;
See less