We have many Cost Estimation methods to estimate the cost of our project. Here we will be seeing these things: COCOMO model: Cocomo (Constructive Cost Model) is a regression model. It is a procedural cost estimate model for software projects and is often used as a process of reliably pRead more
We have many Cost Estimation methods to estimate the cost of our project. Here we will be seeing these things:
COCOMO model:
Cocomo (Constructive Cost Model) is a regression model. It is a procedural cost estimate model for software projects and is often used as a process of reliably predicting the various parameters associated with making a project such as size, effort, cost, time and quality.
It talks about two important things that are Effort and Schedule. The Effort is related to how many people or say labour is required by you to complete the task and the Schedule talks about the time is needed in the completion of the project.
COCOMO model can be categorized into three models:
Basic:
It can be used for small projects and when the team is small. It will provide you with transparency in the result.
Intermediate:
It assesses software development effort as a function of program size and a set of cost drivers, which include a subjective assessment of goods, hardware, employees, and project characteristics.
Detailed:
It is designed for large-scale projects. The cost drivers are determined by requirements, analysis, design, testing, and maintenance as per the software requirements. The team is rather big. It includes one important thing others don’t and that is the evaluation of the cost drivers at every phase of the project.
COCOMO-II:
It is the revised version of the original Cocomo (Constructive Cost Model) and is developed at the University of Southern California. It is the model that allows one to estimate the cost, effort and schedule when planning new software development.
It has three main sub-models namely end-user programming, Intermediate sector, and Infrastructure sector. It is a three-stage process.
Top-Down Estimation:
Macro Model is another name for top-down estimation. The overall cost estimate for the project is obtained from the global attributes of the software project using the top-down estimating approach, and then the project is partitioned into several low-level mechanisms or components. The Putnam model is the most popular technique that employs this strategy. When only global attributes are known, this technique is better appropriate for an early cost estimate. Because there is no precise information accessible in the early stages of software development, it is quite valuable.
Bottom-Up Method of Estimation:
The cost of each software component is calculated using the bottom-up estimating approach, and the findings are then combined to arrive at an estimated cost of the total project. Its goal is to build a system estimate using the information gathered about minor software components and their interactions. COCOMO’s detailed model is the most popular technique that employs this methodology.
Analogy-based estimation:
Estimating by analogy is comparing the planned project to a comparable project that has already been completed and where the project development information is available. To estimate the planned project, actual data from completed projects is extrapolated. This strategy may be used at both the system and component levels. The following are the stages for estimating using this method
Learn about the proposed project’s qualities.
Choose the most comparable completed projects from the historical database based on their qualities.
By analogy, calculate the cost of the proposed project using the cost of the most comparable completed project.
Top-Down Estimation:
The Macro version is any other call for top-down estimation. The overall cost estimate for the challenge is acquired from the global attributes of the software venture using the pinnacle-down estimating approach, after which the challenge is partitioned into numerous low-stage mechanisms or additives. The Putnam version is the most popular approach that employs this strategy. when simplest global attributes are acknowledged, this technique is better appropriate for an early cost estimate. due to the fact, that there are no unique facts accessible in the early tiers of software program improvement, it’s miles quite precious.
The following are the main parameters on which the cost estimation of the for a software development project:
Travel and training costs
Travelling costs includes the expenditure you are having in travelling from one place to another for the research and the other things as well. You need to travel for the meeting, research and get the hardware and the software requirements fulfilled.
Training expenses should also be taken into account to train the team to get a certain skill that they don,t know already but needed in your project. Training also means that you are investing in the skills of a person so that you can cash in that in future.
Hardware and software costs:
Hardware requirements cover the large chunks of the cost in the software development process. You need many things that you already have and some things that you need to spend on. Some software demand the specific requirements of the systems and you may need to upgrade it and spend money on it.
For a large team, we need a large number of hardware so that every team member can work at the same time and develop their part of the software and reduced the time needed to complete the software.
There are many paid software that a team need to develop the required software and you need to buy it by paying a cost for it. Multiple software will be needed for accomplishing the tasks. Paid software can be used for designing purposes, animation purposes, and simulation purposes.
Effort costs:
It includes many things that are listed below:–
It includes the salaries of each team person.
It includes the rent or the buying out of a workspace.
It also includes the maintainability of the workspace, hardware and machines.
It might include insurance for the employee, or any kinda bonus or pension.
It can include some unknown expenditures that may come to notice during the process.
The main metrics for software quality management are: Code Quality: To ensure good quality software we need to ensure the good quality of the code. The more efficient the code more efficient will be the software as it manages how the software is going to behave when the user is going to interact witRead more
The main metrics for software quality management are:
Code Quality: To ensure good quality software we need to ensure the good quality of the code. The more efficient the code more efficient will be the software as it manages how the software is going to behave when the user is going to interact with it.
Reliability: It defines that the software should be able to provide the services when a user wants to use it. If you have made software for shopping then it should be able to dot that otherwise, it is not reliable.
Performance: It defines how is the performance of the software you have built. It tells whether your software is able to manage a large number of requests and a large chunk of data at the same time. It also determines the speed of your software means how fast your software is working.
Usability: It means whether the user is able to use the software easily or not. It is related to the design of the software and how easily the user is able to navigate through the software.
Correctness: Your software should do exactly the same thing that is built for. If your system is not able to perform the required task then it can be declared as the incorrect software. For example, you have made software that converts image text to readable text but if not able to do it then we can question the correctness of the software.
Maintainability: Software quality is also related to the management of the software as time passes. We should build software that is easily maintainable and easy to understand by other team members.
Integrity: Software should be integral and its behaviour, interface and design should determine this.It means the user should not feel that one part of your software is not connected to other parts of the software.
Security: Security of the data, users, and the system is to be taken care of and the software will be made secured to negate the possibility of a cyber attack. User data should be encrypted as well.
These things can maintain the software quality.
Object-Oriented Design:
Object-oriented design works around the entities and their characteristics instead of functions involved in the software system. This design strategies focus on entities and their characteristics. The whole concept of software solutions revolves around the engaged entities.
Concepts of the Object-Oriented Approach:
Objects – All entities involved in the solution design are known as objects. For example, people, banks, companies and customers are treated as objects. Every entity has some attributes associated with it and has some methods to perform on the attributes.
Classes – A class is a generalized description of an object. An object is an instance of a class. Class defines all the attributes, which an object can have and methods, which define the functionality of the object.
In the solution design, attributes are stored as variables and functionalities are defined by means of methods or procedures.
Encapsulation – In OOD, the attributes (data variables) and methods (operation on the data) are bundled together is called encapsulation. Encapsulation not only bundles important information of an object together but also restricts access to the data and methods from the outside world. This is called information hiding.
Inheritance – OOD allows similar classes to stack up in a hierarchical manner where the lower or sub-classes can import, implement and re-use allowed variables and methods from their immediate superclasses. This property of OOD is known as inheritance. This makes it easier to define specific classes and to create generalized classes from specific ones.
Polymorphism – OOD languages provide a mechanism where methods performing similar tasks but vary in arguments, can be assigned the same name. This is called polymorphism, which allows a single interface performing tasks for different types. Depending upon how the function is invoked, the respective portion of the code gets executed
Travel and training costs Travelling costs includes the expenditure you are having in travelling from one place to another for the research and the other things as well. You need to travel for the meeting, research and get the hardware and the software requirements fulfilled. Training expenses shouRead more
Travel and training costs
Travelling costs includes the expenditure you are having in travelling from one place to another for the research and the other things as well. You need to travel for the meeting, research and get the hardware and the software requirements fulfilled.
Training expenses should also be taken into account to train the team to get a certain skill that they don,t know already but needed in your project. Training also means that you are investing in the skills of a person so that you can cash in that in future.
Hardware and software costs:
Hardware requirements cover the large chunks of the cost in the software development process. You need many things that you already have and some things that you need to spend on. Some software demand the specific requirements of the systems and you may need to upgrade it and spend money on it.
For a large team, we need a more number of hardware so that every team member can work at the same time and develop their part of the software and reduced the time needed to complete the software.
There are many paid software that a team need to develop the required software and you need to buy it by paying a cost for it. Multiple software will be needed for accomplishing the tasks. Paid software can be used for designing purposes, animation purposes, and simulation purposes.
Effort costs:
It includes many things that are listed below:-
It includes the salaries of each team person.
It includes the rent or the buying out of a workspace.
It also includes the maintainability of the workspace, hardware and machines.
It might include insurance for the employee, or any kinda bonus or pension.
It can include some unknown expenditures that may come to notice during the process.
d1 = {'a': 100, 'b': 200, 'c':300} d2 = {'a': 300, 'b': 200, 'c':400} print("Dictionary 1 is : \n", d1, "\n") print("Dictionary 2 is : \n", d2, "\n") l1 = len(d1) l2 = len(d2) if l1 !=l2: print("Lengths of the two dictionaries are not equal.") for i in d2: if i in d1: d2[i] = d2[i] +Read more
l1 = len(d1)
l2 = len(d2)
if l1 !=l2:
print(“Lengths of the two dictionaries are not equal.”)
for i in d2:
if i in d1:
d2[i] = d2[i] + d1[i]
else:
pass
print(“The sum of both the dictionaries is: \n”,d2)
Write short notes on the various Cost estimation techniques.
We have many Cost Estimation methods to estimate the cost of our project. Here we will be seeing these things: COCOMO model: Cocomo (Constructive Cost Model) is a regression model. It is a procedural cost estimate model for software projects and is often used as a process of reliably pRead more
We have many Cost Estimation methods to estimate the cost of our project. Here we will be seeing these things:
COCOMO model:
Cocomo (Constructive Cost Model) is a regression model. It is a procedural cost estimate model for software projects and is often used as a process of reliably predicting the various parameters associated with making a project such as size, effort, cost, time and quality.
It talks about two important things that are Effort and Schedule. The Effort is related to how many people or say labour is required by you to complete the task and the Schedule talks about the time is needed in the completion of the project.
COCOMO model can be categorized into three models:
It can be used for small projects and when the team is small. It will provide you with transparency in the result.
It assesses software development effort as a function of program size and a set of cost drivers, which include a subjective assessment of goods, hardware, employees, and project characteristics.
It is designed for large-scale projects. The cost drivers are determined by requirements, analysis, design, testing, and maintenance as per the software requirements. The team is rather big. It includes one important thing others don’t and that is the evaluation of the cost drivers at every phase of the project.
COCOMO-II:
It is the revised version of the original Cocomo (Constructive Cost Model) and is developed at the University of Southern California. It is the model that allows one to estimate the cost, effort and schedule when planning new software development.
It has three main sub-models namely end-user programming, Intermediate sector, and Infrastructure sector. It is a three-stage process.
Top-Down Estimation:
Macro Model is another name for top-down estimation. The overall cost estimate for the project is obtained from the global attributes of the software project using the top-down estimating approach, and then the project is partitioned into several low-level mechanisms or components. The Putnam model is the most popular technique that employs this strategy. When only global attributes are known, this technique is better appropriate for an early cost estimate. Because there is no precise information accessible in the early stages of software development, it is quite valuable.
Bottom-Up Method of Estimation:
The cost of each software component is calculated using the bottom-up estimating approach, and the findings are then combined to arrive at an estimated cost of the total project. Its goal is to build a system estimate using the information gathered about minor software components and their interactions. COCOMO’s detailed model is the most popular technique that employs this methodology.
Analogy-based estimation:
Estimating by analogy is comparing the planned project to a comparable project that has already been completed and where the project development information is available. To estimate the planned project, actual data from completed projects is extrapolated. This strategy may be used at both the system and component levels. The following are the stages for estimating using this method
Learn about the proposed project’s qualities.
Choose the most comparable completed projects from the historical database based on their qualities.
By analogy, calculate the cost of the proposed project using the cost of the most comparable completed project.
Top-Down Estimation:
The Macro version is any other call for top-down estimation. The overall cost estimate for the challenge is acquired from the global attributes of the software venture using the pinnacle-down estimating approach, after which the challenge is partitioned into numerous low-stage mechanisms or additives. The Putnam version is the most popular approach that employs this strategy. when simplest global attributes are acknowledged, this technique is better appropriate for an early cost estimate. due to the fact, that there are no unique facts accessible in the early tiers of software program improvement, it’s miles quite precious.
The following are the main parameters on which the cost estimation of the for a software development project:
Travelling costs includes the expenditure you are having in travelling from one place to another for the research and the other things as well. You need to travel for the meeting, research and get the hardware and the software requirements fulfilled.
Training expenses should also be taken into account to train the team to get a certain skill that they don,t know already but needed in your project. Training also means that you are investing in the skills of a person so that you can cash in that in future.
Hardware requirements cover the large chunks of the cost in the software development process. You need many things that you already have and some things that you need to spend on. Some software demand the specific requirements of the systems and you may need to upgrade it and spend money on it.
For a large team, we need a large number of hardware so that every team member can work at the same time and develop their part of the software and reduced the time needed to complete the software.
There are many paid software that a team need to develop the required software and you need to buy it by paying a cost for it. Multiple software will be needed for accomplishing the tasks. Paid software can be used for designing purposes, animation purposes, and simulation purposes.
It includes many things that are listed below:–
It includes the salaries of each team person.
It includes the rent or the buying out of a workspace.
It also includes the maintainability of the workspace, hardware and machines.
It might include insurance for the employee, or any kinda bonus or pension.
It can include some unknown expenditures that may come to notice during the process.
See lessHow software quality is assured through software metrics? Also highlight the concept of object oriented metrics.
The main metrics for software quality management are: Code Quality: To ensure good quality software we need to ensure the good quality of the code. The more efficient the code more efficient will be the software as it manages how the software is going to behave when the user is going to interact witRead more
The main metrics for software quality management are:
These things can maintain the software quality.
Object-Oriented Design:
Object-oriented design works around the entities and their characteristics instead of functions involved in the software system. This design strategies focus on entities and their characteristics. The whole concept of software solutions revolves around the engaged entities.
Concepts of the Object-Oriented Approach:
Objects – All entities involved in the solution design are known as objects. For example, people, banks, companies and customers are treated as objects. Every entity has some attributes associated with it and has some methods to perform on the attributes.
Classes – A class is a generalized description of an object. An object is an instance of a class. Class defines all the attributes, which an object can have and methods, which define the functionality of the object.
In the solution design, attributes are stored as variables and functionalities are defined by means of methods or procedures.
Encapsulation – In OOD, the attributes (data variables) and methods (operation on the data) are bundled together is called encapsulation. Encapsulation not only bundles important information of an object together but also restricts access to the data and methods from the outside world. This is called information hiding.
Inheritance – OOD allows similar classes to stack up in a hierarchical manner where the lower or sub-classes can import, implement and re-use allowed variables and methods from their immediate superclasses. This property of OOD is known as inheritance. This makes it easier to define specific classes and to create generalized classes from specific ones.
Polymorphism – OOD languages provide a mechanism where methods performing similar tasks but vary in arguments, can be assigned the same name. This is called polymorphism, which allows a single interface performing tasks for different types. Depending upon how the function is invoked, the respective portion of the code gets executed
See lessDescribe the main parameters that you should use when computing the costs of a software development project?
Travel and training costs Travelling costs includes the expenditure you are having in travelling from one place to another for the research and the other things as well. You need to travel for the meeting, research and get the hardware and the software requirements fulfilled. Training expenses shouRead more
Travelling costs includes the expenditure you are having in travelling from one place to another for the research and the other things as well. You need to travel for the meeting, research and get the hardware and the software requirements fulfilled.
Training expenses should also be taken into account to train the team to get a certain skill that they don,t know already but needed in your project. Training also means that you are investing in the skills of a person so that you can cash in that in future.
Hardware requirements cover the large chunks of the cost in the software development process. You need many things that you already have and some things that you need to spend on. Some software demand the specific requirements of the systems and you may need to upgrade it and spend money on it.
For a large team, we need a more number of hardware so that every team member can work at the same time and develop their part of the software and reduced the time needed to complete the software.
There are many paid software that a team need to develop the required software and you need to buy it by paying a cost for it. Multiple software will be needed for accomplishing the tasks. Paid software can be used for designing purposes, animation purposes, and simulation purposes.
It includes many things that are listed below:-
It includes the salaries of each team person.
It includes the rent or the buying out of a workspace.
It also includes the maintainability of the workspace, hardware and machines.
It might include insurance for the employee, or any kinda bonus or pension.
It can include some unknown expenditures that may come to notice during the process.
See lessWrite a Python program to combine two dictionary adding values for common keys. d1 = {‘a’: 100, ‘b’: 200, ‘c’:300},d2 …
d1 = {'a': 100, 'b': 200, 'c':300} d2 = {'a': 300, 'b': 200, 'c':400} print("Dictionary 1 is : \n", d1, "\n") print("Dictionary 2 is : \n", d2, "\n") l1 = len(d1) l2 = len(d2) if l1 !=l2: print("Lengths of the two dictionaries are not equal.") for i in d2: if i in d1: d2[i] = d2[i] +Read more
d1 = {‘a’: 100, ‘b’: 200, ‘c’:300}
d2 = {‘a’: 300, ‘b’: 200, ‘c’:400}
print(“Dictionary 1 is : \n”, d1, “\n”)
print(“Dictionary 2 is : \n”, d2, “\n”)
l1 = len(d1)
See lessl2 = len(d2)
if l1 !=l2:
print(“Lengths of the two dictionaries are not equal.”)
for i in d2:
if i in d1:
d2[i] = d2[i] + d1[i]
else:
pass
print(“The sum of both the dictionaries is: \n”,d2)