1. Duplicate IP Addresses When two devices attempt to share a single IP, you see the dreaded “Address Already in Use” Kill — with no ability to access the network. The Quick Fix: The blame for this often rests with your router’s default DHCP configuration. DHCP is probably trying to assign your newRead more
1. Duplicate IP Addresses
When two devices attempt to share a single IP, you see the dreaded “Address Already in Use” Kill — with no ability to access the network.
The Quick Fix: The blame for this often rests with your router’s default DHCP configuration. DHCP is probably trying to assign your new device an address at the beginning of your subnet, and another device may already occupy these low-numbered addresses with static IPs. If you’ve just introduced a new device or server to your network, it may have its own DHCP server. Simply disable the DHCP server on that device to restore sanity to your network.
2. IP Address Exhaustion
To troubleshoot this issue, use the ipconfig command. If the workstation has assigned itself an IP address that begins with 169.x.x.x, it means that no IP address was available from the DHCP server.
The Quick Fix: Some users on cable internet might not have a local router, in which case IP addresses are assigned on a limited basis directly from your ISP. You have probably run out of allowed IP addresses from your ISP. The solution to this is to purchase either a standalone router or WiFi access point with an integrated router. This creates your own local pool of internal addresses, ensuring you won’t run out.
If you already have a local router with DHCP, the default address pool might be too small for your network. By accessing the DHCP settings on the router, you can adjust the size of the address pool to meet your network’s needs.
3. DNS Problems
Errors such as The Network Path Cannot Be Found, IP Address Could Not Be Found, or DNS Name Does Not Exist, can usually be traced to a DNS configuration issue. The command line utility nslookup can be used to quickly show a workstation’s DNS settings.
The Quick Fix: Workstations and other network devices can be configured to use their own DNS servers, ignoring the server assigned by DHCP. Checking the ‘Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP)’ settings for your adapter will show if an incorrect DNS server is specified, so just select “Obtain DNS server address automatically” instead.
4. Single Workstation Unable to Connect to the Network
If only a single workstation is displaying the “No internet” message when opening a web browser, we can usually assume that the rest of the network is healthy and turn our attention to any hardware and software that is particular to this system.
The Quick Fix: To resolve this network issue, start by eliminating the obvious communication barriers such as a bad cable, poor WIFI signal, failing network card or incorrect drivers. Ensure that the workstation’s network adapter is configured with the correct IP, subnet, and DNS servers.
If that doesn’t solve the problem, check any firewall software on the device to ensure that necessary ports are open to the external network. Common ports include 80 and 443 for web traffic, plus 25, 587, 465, 110, and 995 for email.
5. Unable to Connect to Local File or Printer Shares
Sharing problems are among the most difficult network problems to solve, due to the number of components that need to be configured properly.
Most commonly, sharing problems arise due to conflicts between mixed security environments. Even different versions of the same operating system sometimes use slightly different security models, which can make interconnection of workstations difficult.
The Quick Fix: We can cure sharing problems most efficiently by drilling down through the possibilities in this order:
Ensure that the required services are running. On Windows systems, the server, TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper, workstation, and computer browser services all need to be running. On Linux machines, Samba is the primary component required to share with Windows systems.
Check your firewall(s). It’s very common for a workstation’s firewall to be configured to block file and printer sharing traffic, especially if a new antivirus package is installed that introduces its own firewall. Firewall issues can also exist at the hardware level, so ensure that routers or managed switches are passing share traffic within the subnet. Speaking of subnet….
Ensure all workstations are on the same subnet. This problem typically only appears on complex networks, however, even simple networks sometimes have static-IP equipment with an improperly configured subnet. The result is that external traffic will move about just fine, while internal traffic will hit unexpected roadblocks.
All Windows network adapters will need File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks, Client for Microsoft Networks, and NetBIOS over TCP/IP enabled.
Once the above checks have passed, it’s finally time to check the most likely culprit, permissions. There are multiple layers of access required, each with their own interface within the OS. Check for:
Systems configured with the wrong workgroup or domain.
Incorrectly configured Home Group.
Network type set to Public.
Incorrect NTFS permissions.
6. Local Network is Unable to Connect to the internet
This situation can either be intermittent or persistent. Often times, the most difficult aspect of dealing with any external network problem is finding the company responsible. And then tasking them to solve the issue, particularly with intermittent failures that are difficult to trace. It can sometimes be such a problem that organizations will have to switch internet providers in order to solve the issue.
The Quick Fix: A router and modem reboot is the first order of business. The tracert then utility can be used to identify communication breaks. It will clearly hiccup on the particular router hop that is causing the problem. Contact your ISP with your findings, providing screenshots as necessary.
7. Slow Internet Performance
Slow performance is typically due to congestion, or sometimes poor quality connections that have corroded or otherwise deteriorated. Congestion may not be directly related to bandwidth exhaustion, as a single overloaded port on a switch or router can diminish network performance.
This can be especially true on leased lines where dedicated bandwidth is to be expected, but speed tests indicate the network is not reaching it’s rated potential.
The Quick Fix: Use speed test websites, conducting tests from geographically remote servers. This can pinpoint areas of congestion on the ISP’s network. In the case of cable internet, the local network is shared amongst your neighbors, committing your ISP to a costly bandwidth upgrade when saturation occurs. Report your findings to your ISP so that they can take steps to resolve the issue.
1.Enlighten the services provided by network layer to transport layer in detail. Ans. Services provided to the transport layer The services provided to the transport layer are as follows − Logical Addressing − Network layer adds header to incoming packet which includes logical address to identify seRead more
1.Enlighten the services provided by network layer to transport layer in detail.
Ans.
Services provided to the transport layer
The services provided to the transport layer are as follows −
Logical Addressing − Network layer adds header to incoming packet which includes logical address to identify sender and receiver.
Routing − It is the mechanism provided by Network Layer for routing the packets to the final destination in the fastest possible and efficient way.
Flow control − This layer routes the packet to another way, If too many packets are present at the same time preventing bottlenecks and congestion.
Breaks Large Packets − Breaks larger packets into small packets.
Connection Oriented service − It is a network communication mode, where a communication session is established before any useful data can be transferred and where a stream of data is delivered in the same order as it was sent.
Connectionless Service − It is a data transmission method used in packet switching networks by which each data unit is individually addressed and routed based on information carried in each unit, rather than in the setup information of a prearranged, fixed data channel as in connection-oriented communication.
DataGram − A datagram is a basic transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network. The delivery, arrival time and order of arrival need not be guaranteed by the network.
A virtual circuit − It is a means of transporting data over a packet switched computer network in such a way that it appears as though there is a dedicated physical layer link between the source and destination end system of this data.
2.Enlighten the network issues in computer networks and also suggest few remedies.
Ans.
1. Duplicate IP Addresses
When two devices attempt to share a single IP, you see the dreaded “Address Already in Use” Kill — with no ability to access the network.
The Quick Fix: The blame for this often rests with your router’s default DHCP configuration. DHCP is probably trying to assign your new device an address at the beginning of your subnet, and another device may already occupy these low-numbered addresses with static IPs. If you’ve just introduced a new device or server to your network, it may have its own DHCP server. Simply disable the DHCP server on that device to restore sanity to your network.
2. IP Address Exhaustion
To troubleshoot this issue, use the ipconfig command. If the workstation has assigned itself an IP address that begins with 169.x.x.x, it means that no IP address was available from the DHCP server.
The Quick Fix: Some users on cable internet might not have a local router, in which case IP addresses are assigned on a limited basis directly from your ISP. You have probably run out of allowed IP addresses from your ISP. The solution to this is to purchase either a standalone router or WiFi access point with an integrated router. This creates your own local pool of internal addresses, ensuring you won’t run out.
If you already have a local router with DHCP, the default address pool might be too small for your network. By accessing the DHCP settings on the router, you can adjust the size of the address pool to meet your network’s needs.
3. DNS Problems
Errors such as The Network Path Cannot Be Found, IP Address Could Not Be Found, or DNS Name Does Not Exist, can usually be traced to a DNS configuration issue. The command line utility nslookup can be used to quickly show a workstation’s DNS settings.
The Quick Fix: Workstations and other network devices can be configured to use their own DNS servers, ignoring the server assigned by DHCP. Checking the ‘Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP)’ settings for your adapter will show if an incorrect DNS server is specified, so just select “Obtain DNS server address automatically” instead.
4. Single Workstation Unable to Connect to the Network
If only a single workstation is displaying the “No internet” message when opening a web browser, we can usually assume that the rest of the network is healthy and turn our attention to any hardware and software that is particular to this system.
The Quick Fix: To resolve this network issue, start by eliminating the obvious communication barriers such as a bad cable, poor WIFI signal, failing network card or incorrect drivers. Ensure that the workstation’s network adapter is configured with the correct IP, subnet, and DNS servers.
If that doesn’t solve the problem, check any firewall software on the device to ensure that necessary ports are open to the external network. Common ports include 80 and 443 for web traffic, plus 25, 587, 465, 110, and 995 for email.
5. Unable to Connect to Local File or Printer Shares
Sharing problems are among the most difficult network problems to solve, due to the number of components that need to be configured properly.
Most commonly, sharing problems arise due to conflicts between mixed security environments. Even different versions of the same operating system sometimes use slightly different security models, which can make interconnection of workstations difficult.
The Quick Fix: We can cure sharing problems most efficiently by drilling down through the possibilities in this order:
Ensure that the required services are running. On Windows systems, the server, TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper, workstation, and computer browser services all need to be running. On Linux machines, Samba is the primary component required to share with Windows systems.
Check your firewall(s). It’s very common for a workstation’s firewall to be configured to block file and printer sharing traffic, especially if a new antivirus package is installed that introduces its own firewall. Firewall issues can also exist at the hardware level, so ensure that routers or managed switches are passing share traffic within the subnet. Speaking of subnet….
Ensure all workstations are on the same subnet. This problem typically only appears on complex networks, however, even simple networks sometimes have static-IP equipment with an improperly configured subnet. The result is that external traffic will move about just fine, while internal traffic will hit unexpected roadblocks.
All Windows network adapters will need File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks, Client for Microsoft Networks, and NetBIOS over TCP/IP enabled.
Once the above checks have passed, it’s finally time to check the most likely culprit, permissions. There are multiple layers of access required, each with their own interface within the OS. Check for:
Systems configured with the wrong workgroup or domain.
Incorrectly configured Home Group.
Network type set to Public.
Incorrect NTFS permissions.
6. Local Network is Unable to Connect to the internet
This situation can either be intermittent or persistent. Often times, the most difficult aspect of dealing with any external network problem is finding the company responsible. And then tasking them to solve the issue, particularly with intermittent failures that are difficult to trace. It can sometimes be such a problem that organizations will have to switch internet providers in order to solve the issue.
The Quick Fix: A router and modem reboot is the first order of business. The tracert then utility can be used to identify communication breaks. It will clearly hiccup on the particular router hop that is causing the problem. Contact your ISP with your findings, providing screenshots as necessary.
7. Slow Internet Performance
Slow performance is typically due to congestion, or sometimes poor quality connections that have corroded or otherwise deteriorated. Congestion may not be directly related to bandwidth exhaustion, as a single overloaded port on a switch or router can diminish network performance.
This can be especially true on leased lines where dedicated bandwidth is to be expected, but speed tests indicate the network is not reaching it’s rated potential.
The Quick Fix: Use speed test websites, conducting tests from geographically remote servers. This can pinpoint areas of congestion on the ISP’s network. In the case of cable internet, the local network is shared amongst your neighbors, committing your ISP to a costly bandwidth upgrade when saturation occurs. Report your findings to your ISP so that they can take steps to resolve the issue.
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. This approach is similar to how humans perform decision-making. And it involves all intermediate possibilities between YES and NO. The conventional logic block that a computer understands takes precise input and produces a defRead more
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. This approach is similar to how humans perform decision-making. And it involves all intermediate possibilities between YES and NO.
The conventional logic block that a computer understands takes precise input and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to a human being’s YES or NO. The Fuzzy logic was invented by Lotfi Zadeh who observed that, unlike computers, humans have a different range of possibilities between YES and NO, such as:
Generally, we use the fuzzy logic system for both commercial and practical purposes such as:
It controls machines and consumer products
If not accurate reasoning, it at least provides acceptable reasoning
This helps in dealing with the uncertainty in engineering
So, now that you know about Fuzzy logic in AI and why we actually use it, let’s move on and understand the architecture of this logic.
The Fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve a definite output. Now, talking about the implementation of this logic:
It can be implemented in systems with different sizes and capabilities such as micro-controllers, large networked, or workstation-based systems.
Also, it can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.
1. Sigmoid Function In an ANN, the sigmoid function is a non-linear AF used primarily in feedforward neural networks. It is a differentiable real function, defined for real input values, and containing positive derivatives everywhere with a specific degree of smoothness. The sigmoid function appearsRead more
1. Sigmoid Function
In an ANN, the sigmoid function is a non-linear AF used primarily in feedforward neural networks. It is a differentiable real function, defined for real input values, and containing positive derivatives everywhere with a specific degree of smoothness. The sigmoid function appears in the output layer of the deep learning models and is used for predicting probability-based outputs. The sigmoid function is represented as:
Generally, the derivatives of the sigmoid function are applied to learning algorithms. The graph of the sigmoid function is ‘S’ shaped.
Some of the major drawbacks of the sigmoid function include gradient saturation, slow convergence, sharp damp gradients during backpropagation from within deeper hidden layers to the input layers, and non-zero centered output that causes the gradient updates to propagate in varying directions.
2. Hyperbolic Tangent Function (Tanh)
The hyperbolic tangent function, a.k.a., the tanh function, is another type of AF. It is a smoother, zero-centered function having a range between -1 to 1. As a result, the output of the tanh function is represented by:
The tanh function is much more extensively used than the sigmoid function since it delivers better training performance for multilayer neural networks. The biggest advantage of the tanh function is that it produces a zero-centered output, thereby supporting the backpropagation process. The tanh function has been mostly used in recurrent neural networks for natural language processing and speech recognition tasks.
However, the tanh function, too, has a limitation – just like the sigmoid function, it cannot solve the vanishing gradient problem. Also, the tanh function can only attain a gradient of 1 when the input value is 0 (x is zero). As a result, the function can produce some dead neurons during the computation process.
3. Softmax Function
The softmax function is another type of AF used in neural networks to compute probability distribution from a vector of real numbers. This function generates an output that ranges between values 0 and 1 and with the sum of the probabilities being equal to 1. The softmax function is represented as follows:
This function is mainly used in multi-class models where it returns probabilities of each class, with the target class having the highest probability. It appears in almost all the output layers of the DL architecture where they are used. The primary difference between the sigmoid and softmax AF is that while the former is used in binary classification, the latter is used for multivariate classification.
4. Softsign Function
The softsign function is another AF that is used in neural network computing. Although it is primarily in regression computation problems, nowadays it is also used in DL based text-to-speech applications. It is a quadratic polynomial, represented by:
Here “x” equals the absolute value of the input.
The main difference between the softsign function and the tanh function is that unlike the tanh function that converges exponentially, the softsign function converges in a polynomial form.
5. Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) Function
One of the most popular AFs in DL models, the rectified linear unit (ReLU) function, is a fast-learning AF that promises to deliver state-of-the-art performance with stellar results. Compared to other AFs like the sigmoid and tanh functions, the ReLU function offers much better performance and generalization in deep learning. The function is a nearly linear function that retains the properties of linear models, which makes them easy to optimize with gradient-descent methods.
The ReLU function performs a threshold operation on each input element where all values less than zero are set to zero. Thus, the ReLU is represented as:
By rectifying the values of the inputs less than zero and setting them to zero, this function eliminates the vanishing gradient problem observed in the earlier types of activation functions (sigmoid and tanh).
The most significant advantage of using the ReLU function in computation is that it guarantees faster computation – it does not compute exponentials and divisions, thereby boosting the overall computation speed. Another critical aspect of the ReLU function is that it introduces sparsity in the hidden units by squishing the values between zero to maximum.
6. Exponential Linear Units (ELUs) Function
The exponential linear units (ELUs) function is an AF that is also used to speed up the training of neural networks (just like ReLU function). The biggest advantage of the ELU function is that it can eliminate the vanishing gradient problem by using identity for positive values and by improving the learning characteristics of the model.
ELUs have negative values that push the mean unit activation closer to zero, thereby reducing computational complexity and improving the learning speed. The ELU is an excellent alternative to the ReLU – it decreases bias shifts by pushing mean activation towards zero during the training process.
The exponential linear unit function is represented as:
The derivative or gradient of the ELU equation is presented as:
Here “α” equals the ELU hyperparameter that controls the saturation point for negative net inputs, which is usually set to 1.0. However, the ELU function has a limitation – it is not zero-centered.
Enlighten the network issues in computer networks and also suggest …
1. Duplicate IP Addresses When two devices attempt to share a single IP, you see the dreaded “Address Already in Use” Kill — with no ability to access the network. The Quick Fix: The blame for this often rests with your router’s default DHCP configuration. DHCP is probably trying to assign your newRead more
1. Duplicate IP Addresses
When two devices attempt to share a single IP, you see the dreaded “Address Already in Use” Kill — with no ability to access the network.
The Quick Fix: The blame for this often rests with your router’s default DHCP configuration. DHCP is probably trying to assign your new device an address at the beginning of your subnet, and another device may already occupy these low-numbered addresses with static IPs. If you’ve just introduced a new device or server to your network, it may have its own DHCP server. Simply disable the DHCP server on that device to restore sanity to your network.
2. IP Address Exhaustion
To troubleshoot this issue, use the ipconfig command. If the workstation has assigned itself an IP address that begins with 169.x.x.x, it means that no IP address was available from the DHCP server.
The Quick Fix: Some users on cable internet might not have a local router, in which case IP addresses are assigned on a limited basis directly from your ISP. You have probably run out of allowed IP addresses from your ISP. The solution to this is to purchase either a standalone router or WiFi access point with an integrated router. This creates your own local pool of internal addresses, ensuring you won’t run out.
If you already have a local router with DHCP, the default address pool might be too small for your network. By accessing the DHCP settings on the router, you can adjust the size of the address pool to meet your network’s needs.
3. DNS Problems
Errors such as The Network Path Cannot Be Found, IP Address Could Not Be Found, or DNS Name Does Not Exist, can usually be traced to a DNS configuration issue. The command line utility nslookup can be used to quickly show a workstation’s DNS settings.
The Quick Fix: Workstations and other network devices can be configured to use their own DNS servers, ignoring the server assigned by DHCP. Checking the ‘Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP)’ settings for your adapter will show if an incorrect DNS server is specified, so just select “Obtain DNS server address automatically” instead.
4. Single Workstation Unable to Connect to the Network
If only a single workstation is displaying the “No internet” message when opening a web browser, we can usually assume that the rest of the network is healthy and turn our attention to any hardware and software that is particular to this system.
The Quick Fix: To resolve this network issue, start by eliminating the obvious communication barriers such as a bad cable, poor WIFI signal, failing network card or incorrect drivers. Ensure that the workstation’s network adapter is configured with the correct IP, subnet, and DNS servers.
If that doesn’t solve the problem, check any firewall software on the device to ensure that necessary ports are open to the external network. Common ports include 80 and 443 for web traffic, plus 25, 587, 465, 110, and 995 for email.
5. Unable to Connect to Local File or Printer Shares
Sharing problems are among the most difficult network problems to solve, due to the number of components that need to be configured properly.
Most commonly, sharing problems arise due to conflicts between mixed security environments. Even different versions of the same operating system sometimes use slightly different security models, which can make interconnection of workstations difficult.
The Quick Fix: We can cure sharing problems most efficiently by drilling down through the possibilities in this order:
6. Local Network is Unable to Connect to the internet
This situation can either be intermittent or persistent. Often times, the most difficult aspect of dealing with any external network problem is finding the company responsible. And then tasking them to solve the issue, particularly with intermittent failures that are difficult to trace. It can sometimes be such a problem that organizations will have to switch internet providers in order to solve the issue.
The Quick Fix: A router and modem reboot is the first order of business. The tracert then utility can be used to identify communication breaks. It will clearly hiccup on the particular router hop that is causing the problem. Contact your ISP with your findings, providing screenshots as necessary.
7. Slow Internet Performance
Slow performance is typically due to congestion, or sometimes poor quality connections that have corroded or otherwise deteriorated. Congestion may not be directly related to bandwidth exhaustion, as a single overloaded port on a switch or router can diminish network performance.
This can be especially true on leased lines where dedicated bandwidth is to be expected, but speed tests indicate the network is not reaching it’s rated potential.
The Quick Fix: Use speed test websites, conducting tests from geographically remote servers. This can pinpoint areas of congestion on the ISP’s network. In the case of cable internet, the local network is shared amongst your neighbors, committing your ISP to a costly bandwidth upgrade when saturation occurs. Report your findings to your ISP so that they can take steps to resolve the issue.
See lessEnlighten the services provided by network layer to transport layer …
-By Gaurav Kashyap
-By Gaurav Kashyap
See lessEnlighten the services provided by network layer to transport layer …
1.Enlighten the services provided by network layer to transport layer in detail. Ans. Services provided to the transport layer The services provided to the transport layer are as follows − Logical Addressing − Network layer adds header to incoming packet which includes logical address to identify seRead more
1.Enlighten the services provided by network layer to transport layer in detail.
Ans.
Services provided to the transport layer
The services provided to the transport layer are as follows −
2.Enlighten the network issues in computer networks and also suggest few remedies.
Ans.
1. Duplicate IP Addresses
When two devices attempt to share a single IP, you see the dreaded “Address Already in Use” Kill — with no ability to access the network.
The Quick Fix: The blame for this often rests with your router’s default DHCP configuration. DHCP is probably trying to assign your new device an address at the beginning of your subnet, and another device may already occupy these low-numbered addresses with static IPs. If you’ve just introduced a new device or server to your network, it may have its own DHCP server. Simply disable the DHCP server on that device to restore sanity to your network.
2. IP Address Exhaustion
To troubleshoot this issue, use the ipconfig command. If the workstation has assigned itself an IP address that begins with 169.x.x.x, it means that no IP address was available from the DHCP server.
The Quick Fix: Some users on cable internet might not have a local router, in which case IP addresses are assigned on a limited basis directly from your ISP. You have probably run out of allowed IP addresses from your ISP. The solution to this is to purchase either a standalone router or WiFi access point with an integrated router. This creates your own local pool of internal addresses, ensuring you won’t run out.
If you already have a local router with DHCP, the default address pool might be too small for your network. By accessing the DHCP settings on the router, you can adjust the size of the address pool to meet your network’s needs.
3. DNS Problems
Errors such as The Network Path Cannot Be Found, IP Address Could Not Be Found, or DNS Name Does Not Exist, can usually be traced to a DNS configuration issue. The command line utility nslookup can be used to quickly show a workstation’s DNS settings.
The Quick Fix: Workstations and other network devices can be configured to use their own DNS servers, ignoring the server assigned by DHCP. Checking the ‘Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP)’ settings for your adapter will show if an incorrect DNS server is specified, so just select “Obtain DNS server address automatically” instead.
4. Single Workstation Unable to Connect to the Network
If only a single workstation is displaying the “No internet” message when opening a web browser, we can usually assume that the rest of the network is healthy and turn our attention to any hardware and software that is particular to this system.
The Quick Fix: To resolve this network issue, start by eliminating the obvious communication barriers such as a bad cable, poor WIFI signal, failing network card or incorrect drivers. Ensure that the workstation’s network adapter is configured with the correct IP, subnet, and DNS servers.
If that doesn’t solve the problem, check any firewall software on the device to ensure that necessary ports are open to the external network. Common ports include 80 and 443 for web traffic, plus 25, 587, 465, 110, and 995 for email.
5. Unable to Connect to Local File or Printer Shares
Sharing problems are among the most difficult network problems to solve, due to the number of components that need to be configured properly.
Most commonly, sharing problems arise due to conflicts between mixed security environments. Even different versions of the same operating system sometimes use slightly different security models, which can make interconnection of workstations difficult.
The Quick Fix: We can cure sharing problems most efficiently by drilling down through the possibilities in this order:
6. Local Network is Unable to Connect to the internet
This situation can either be intermittent or persistent. Often times, the most difficult aspect of dealing with any external network problem is finding the company responsible. And then tasking them to solve the issue, particularly with intermittent failures that are difficult to trace. It can sometimes be such a problem that organizations will have to switch internet providers in order to solve the issue.
The Quick Fix: A router and modem reboot is the first order of business. The tracert then utility can be used to identify communication breaks. It will clearly hiccup on the particular router hop that is causing the problem. Contact your ISP with your findings, providing screenshots as necessary.
7. Slow Internet Performance
Slow performance is typically due to congestion, or sometimes poor quality connections that have corroded or otherwise deteriorated. Congestion may not be directly related to bandwidth exhaustion, as a single overloaded port on a switch or router can diminish network performance.
This can be especially true on leased lines where dedicated bandwidth is to be expected, but speed tests indicate the network is not reaching it’s rated potential.
The Quick Fix: Use speed test websites, conducting tests from geographically remote servers. This can pinpoint areas of congestion on the ISP’s network. In the case of cable internet, the local network is shared amongst your neighbors, committing your ISP to a costly bandwidth upgrade when saturation occurs. Report your findings to your ISP so that they can take steps to resolve the issue.
See lessWhere do we use Fuzzy Logic in Artificial Intelligence?
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. This approach is similar to how humans perform decision-making. And it involves all intermediate possibilities between YES and NO. The conventional logic block that a computer understands takes precise input and produces a defRead more
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. This approach is similar to how humans perform decision-making. And it involves all intermediate possibilities between YES and NO.
The conventional logic block that a computer understands takes precise input and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to a human being’s YES or NO. The Fuzzy logic was invented by Lotfi Zadeh who observed that, unlike computers, humans have a different range of possibilities between YES and NO, such as:
Generally, we use the fuzzy logic system for both commercial and practical purposes such as:
So, now that you know about Fuzzy logic in AI and why we actually use it, let’s move on and understand the architecture of this logic.
The Fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve a definite output. Now, talking about the implementation of this logic:
- It can be implemented in systems with different sizes and capabilities such as micro-controllers, large networked, or workstation-based systems.
- Also, it can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.
See lessList down the names of some popular Activation Functions used in Neural Networks
1. Sigmoid Function In an ANN, the sigmoid function is a non-linear AF used primarily in feedforward neural networks. It is a differentiable real function, defined for real input values, and containing positive derivatives everywhere with a specific degree of smoothness. The sigmoid function appearsRead more
1. Sigmoid Function
In an ANN, the sigmoid function is a non-linear AF used primarily in feedforward neural networks. It is a differentiable real function, defined for real input values, and containing positive derivatives everywhere with a specific degree of smoothness. The sigmoid function appears in the output layer of the deep learning models and is used for predicting probability-based outputs. The sigmoid function is represented as:
Generally, the derivatives of the sigmoid function are applied to learning algorithms. The graph of the sigmoid function is ‘S’ shaped.
Some of the major drawbacks of the sigmoid function include gradient saturation, slow convergence, sharp damp gradients during backpropagation from within deeper hidden layers to the input layers, and non-zero centered output that causes the gradient updates to propagate in varying directions.
2. Hyperbolic Tangent Function (Tanh)
The hyperbolic tangent function, a.k.a., the tanh function, is another type of AF. It is a smoother, zero-centered function having a range between -1 to 1. As a result, the output of the tanh function is represented by:
The tanh function is much more extensively used than the sigmoid function since it delivers better training performance for multilayer neural networks. The biggest advantage of the tanh function is that it produces a zero-centered output, thereby supporting the backpropagation process. The tanh function has been mostly used in recurrent neural networks for natural language processing and speech recognition tasks.
However, the tanh function, too, has a limitation – just like the sigmoid function, it cannot solve the vanishing gradient problem. Also, the tanh function can only attain a gradient of 1 when the input value is 0 (x is zero). As a result, the function can produce some dead neurons during the computation process.
3. Softmax Function
The softmax function is another type of AF used in neural networks to compute probability distribution from a vector of real numbers. This function generates an output that ranges between values 0 and 1 and with the sum of the probabilities being equal to 1. The softmax function is represented as follows:
This function is mainly used in multi-class models where it returns probabilities of each class, with the target class having the highest probability. It appears in almost all the output layers of the DL architecture where they are used. The primary difference between the sigmoid and softmax AF is that while the former is used in binary classification, the latter is used for multivariate classification.
4. Softsign Function
The softsign function is another AF that is used in neural network computing. Although it is primarily in regression computation problems, nowadays it is also used in DL based text-to-speech applications. It is a quadratic polynomial, represented by:
Here “x” equals the absolute value of the input.
The main difference between the softsign function and the tanh function is that unlike the tanh function that converges exponentially, the softsign function converges in a polynomial form.
5. Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) Function
One of the most popular AFs in DL models, the rectified linear unit (ReLU) function, is a fast-learning AF that promises to deliver state-of-the-art performance with stellar results. Compared to other AFs like the sigmoid and tanh functions, the ReLU function offers much better performance and generalization in deep learning. The function is a nearly linear function that retains the properties of linear models, which makes them easy to optimize with gradient-descent methods.
The ReLU function performs a threshold operation on each input element where all values less than zero are set to zero. Thus, the ReLU is represented as:
By rectifying the values of the inputs less than zero and setting them to zero, this function eliminates the vanishing gradient problem observed in the earlier types of activation functions (sigmoid and tanh).
The most significant advantage of using the ReLU function in computation is that it guarantees faster computation – it does not compute exponentials and divisions, thereby boosting the overall computation speed. Another critical aspect of the ReLU function is that it introduces sparsity in the hidden units by squishing the values between zero to maximum.
6. Exponential Linear Units (ELUs) Function
The exponential linear units (ELUs) function is an AF that is also used to speed up the training of neural networks (just like ReLU function). The biggest advantage of the ELU function is that it can eliminate the vanishing gradient problem by using identity for positive values and by improving the learning characteristics of the model.
ELUs have negative values that push the mean unit activation closer to zero, thereby reducing computational complexity and improving the learning speed. The ELU is an excellent alternative to the ReLU – it decreases bias shifts by pushing mean activation towards zero during the training process.
The exponential linear unit function is represented as:
The derivative or gradient of the ELU equation is presented as:
Here “α” equals the ELU hyperparameter that controls the saturation point for negative net inputs, which is usually set to 1.0. However, the ELU function has a limitation – it is not zero-centered.
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