Question 1)

A break statement is used inside a loop (repeat, for, while) to stop the iterations and flow the control outside of the loop.


The syntax of break statement is:

if (test_expression) {
break
}



A next statement is useful when we want to skip the current iteration of a loop without terminating it. On encountering next the R parser skips further evaluation and starts next iteration of the loop.



The syntax of next statement is:



if (test_condition) {
next
}


Question 2)

row_names = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")
col_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3", "col4")
M = matrix(c(1:16), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(row_names, col_names))
print("Original Matrix:")
print(M)
print("Access the element at 3rd column and 2nd row:")
print(M[2,3])
print("Access only the 3rd row:")
print(M[3,])
print("Access only the 4th column:")
print(M[,4])

Question 3)
R has 6 basic data types.

• character

• numeric (real or decimal)

• integer

• logical

• complex

• R’s basic data structures include the vector, list, matrix, data frame, and factors. Some of these structures require that all members be of the same data type (e.g. vectors, matrices) while others permit multiple data types (e.g. lists, data frames).