Q.Explain in detail about the concept of Addressing in the Memory.

Each instruction needs data on which it has to perform the specified operation. The data may be in the accumulator, GPR (general purpose registers) or in some specified memory location.

The techniques of specifying the address of the data are known as addressing modes.

The important addressing modes are as follows :

(i) Direct Addressing

(ii) Register Addressing

(iii) Register Indirect Addressing

(iv) Immediate Addressing

(v) Relation Addressing

(i) Direct Addressing: In this, the address of the data is specified within the instruction itself.

Example of direct addressing is :

(a) STA 2500H : store the contents of accumulator in the memory location 2500H.

(ii) Register Addressing: In register addressing, the operands are located in the general purpose registers. In other words the contents of the register are the operands. Therefore only this name of the register is to be specified in the instruction.

E.g. of register addressing are :

(a) MOV A, B: Transfer the contents of register B to register A.

(iii) Register Indirect Addressing: In this, the address of the operand is given directly. The contents of a register or a registers pairs are the address of the operand.

Example : LX1 H, 2400H–> load H-L pair with 2400 H.

(a) MOV A, M : Move the contents of the memory location whose address is in H-L pair to the accumulator.

(iv) Immediate addressing: In this the operand in given in the instruction itself. E.g. (a) MVI A, 06 : Move 06 to an accumulator.

(v) Relation Addressing: In this, a signed displacement is added to the current value of the program counter to form the effective address. This is also known as PC relative addressing.  

Q.What is an Instruction Cycle?

The main function of a CPU is to execute programs. A program converts of a sequence of instructions to perform a particular task.

Program as stored in a memory. The CPU fetcher one instruction at a time from the memory & executes it. Then it fetches the vent instruction to execute it.

The CPU repeats this process till it executes all the instructions of the program. Thereafter, it may take another program if any, to execute.

The necessary steps that the processor has to carry out for fetching an instruction from the memory and executing an instruction from the memory and executing it, constitute an instruction cycle.

An instruction cycle consists of 2 parts. Fetch cycle & execute cycle.

In the fetch cycle, the CPU fetches the m/c code of this instruction from the memory. The necessary steps that are carried out to fetch an opcode from the memory constitute a fetch cycle.

In executing cycle instruction is executed.

The necessary which are carried to execute an instruction constitute are execute cycle.