Answer:

Backpropagation is the essence of neural network training. It is the method of fine-tuning the weights of a neural network based on the error rate obtained in the previous epoch (i.e., iteration). Proper tuning of the weights allows you to reduce error rates and make the model reliable by increasing its generalization.

Backpropagation in neural network is a short form for “backward propagation of errors.” It is a standard method of training artificial neural networks. This method helps calculate the gradient of a loss function with respect to all the weights in the network.

Back propagation algorithm:

The Back propagation algorithm in neural network computes the gradient of the loss function for a single weight by the chain rule. It efficiently computes one layer at a time, unlike a native direct computation. It computes the gradient, but it does not define how the gradient is used. It generalizes the computation in the delta rule.

Advantages of Backpropagation :

Most prominent advantages of Backpropagation are:

• Backpropagation is fast, simple and easy to program
• It has no parameters to tune apart from the numbers of input
• It is a flexible method as it does not require prior knowledge about the network
• It is a standard method that generally works well
• It does not need any special mention of the features of the function to be learned.

Types of Backpropagation :

Two Types of Backpropagation Networks are:

• Static Back-propagation
• Recurrent Backpropagation

Static back-propagation:

It is one kind of backpropagation network which produces a mapping of a static input for static output. It is useful to solve static classification issues like optical character recognition.

Recurrent Backpropagation:

Recurrent Back propagation in data mining is fed forward until a fixed value is achieved. After that, the error is computed and propagated backward.

The main difference between both of these methods is: that the mapping is rapid in static back-propagation while it is nonstatic in recurrent backpropagation.

Question 1

List and explain different types of testing done during the testing phase.

Answer:

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Question 2

Analyze the role of testing tools in maintaining the quality of software. Describe the mechanism to select testing tools for software

Answer:

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Analyze the role of testing tools in maintaining the quality …