Q.Explain in detail about the concept of Addressing in the Memory. Each instruction needs data on which it has to perform the specified operation. The data may be in the accumulator, GPR (general purpose registers) or in some specified memory location. The techniques of specifying the address of theRead more
Q.Explain in detail about the concept of Addressing in the Memory.
Each instruction needs data on which it has to perform the specified operation. The data may be in the accumulator, GPR (general purpose registers) or in some specified memory location.
The techniques of specifying the address of the data are known as addressing modes.
The important addressing modes are as follows :
(i) Direct Addressing
(ii) Register Addressing
(iii) Register Indirect Addressing
(iv) Immediate Addressing
(v) Relation Addressing
(i) Direct Addressing: In this, the address of the data is specified within the instruction itself.
Example of direct addressing is :
(a) STA 2500H : store the contents of accumulator in the memory location 2500H.
(ii) Register Addressing: In register addressing, the operands are located in the general purpose registers. In other words the contents of the register are the operands. Therefore only this name of the register is to be specified in the instruction.
E.g. of register addressing are :
(a) MOV A, B: Transfer the contents of register B to register A.
(iii) Register Indirect Addressing: In this, the address of the operand is given directly. The contents of a register or a registers pairs are the address of the operand.
Example : LX1 H, 2400H–> load H-L pair with 2400 H.
(a) MOV A, M : Move the contents of the memory location whose address is in H-L pair to the accumulator.
(iv) Immediate addressing: In this the operand in given in the instruction itself. E.g. (a) MVI A, 06 : Move 06 to an accumulator.
(v) Relation Addressing: In this, a signed displacement is added to the current value of the program counter to form the effective address. This is also known as PC relative addressing.
Q.What is an Instruction Cycle?
The main function of a CPU is to execute programs. A program converts of a sequence of instructions to perform a particular task.
Program as stored in a memory. The CPU fetcher one instruction at a time from the memory & executes it. Then it fetches the vent instruction to execute it.
The CPU repeats this process till it executes all the instructions of the program. Thereafter, it may take another program if any, to execute.
The necessary steps that the processor has to carry out for fetching an instruction from the memory and executing an instruction from the memory and executing it, constitute an instruction cycle.
An instruction cycle consists of 2 parts. Fetch cycle & execute cycle.
In the fetch cycle, the CPU fetches the m/c code of this instruction from the memory. The necessary steps that are carried out to fetch an opcode from the memory constitute a fetch cycle.
In executing cycle instruction is executed.
The necessary which are carried to execute an instruction constitute are execute cycle.
SYSTEM CLOCK: Every computer has got a system clock. It‟s located in the microprocessor. The clock is design by a piece of quartz crystal. The system clock keeps the computer system coordinated. It‟s an electronic system which keeps oscillating at specified times intervals, between 0 & 1. The spRead more
SYSTEM CLOCK:
Every computer has got a system clock. It‟s located in the microprocessor. The
clock is design by a piece of quartz crystal. The system clock keeps the computer
system coordinated. It‟s an electronic system which keeps oscillating at specified
times intervals, between 0 & 1. The speed at which this oscillation takes place is
called the cycle of the clock. The time taken to reach from „0‟ to „1‟ and back is
called clock cycle the speed of the system clock is measured in terms of Hz.
SYSTEM BUS:
Bus means the electronic path between various components Bus refers to
particular types of a cable. Each cable of a bus carries information of one bit.
Buses are of 3 types :
(1) Address Bus:It carries the address of memory location of required
instructions and data. The address Bus is unidirectional, i.e., data flows in
one direction from CPU to memory. The address bus data determines the
maximum number of memory addresses. This capacity is measured in
binary form. E.g. A 2 –bit address bus will provide 22 addresses.
(2) Data Bus: Data bus is an electronic path that connects CPU, memory &
other h/w devices. Data bus carries the data from CPU to memory or I/P–
O/P devices and vice versa. It‟s a directional bus because it can transmit
data in either direction. The processing speed of a computer increases if the
data bus is large as it takes more data at one time.
(3) Control Bus: Control Bus controls the memory and I/O devices. This bus
is bidirectional. The CPU sends signals on the control bus to enable the
O/P of the addressed memory devices.
EXPANSION SLOT:
The main function of the mother board is to enable connectivity between various
parts of a computer with processor & memory. Various hardware cards can be
fixed on the mother board to save different purposes. Mother boards have slots to
fix the various cards-like video card, modem, sound cards etc, expansion slots on
the motherboard can be used fro the following purposes:
(i) To connect the internal devices of a computer eg. Hard disk etc. to the
computer bus.
(ii) To connect the computer to the external devices like mouse, printer etc.
The above functions are carried out with the help of adapters.
VARIOUS CARDS:
(1) Sound Card: The sound card converts the
sound into computer language & vice versa. All sound cards are based on
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) which represents the music in
electronic form. The main part of sound card is DSP (Digital signal
processor) which uses arithmetic logic to bring out sound effects.
(2) SCSI (Small Compute System Interface) :This technology is used in high
speed hard disk. It‟s often used in servers where high volume of data is
used. At present different versions of SCSI are used. The capacity of the
SCSI is determined by the bus width and speed of the interface. Through
SCSI the computers bus is extended by means of the cable. It‟s an extension
of the computer bus.
(3) Network Cards : N/W card is a versatile device because it performs a number of
tasks that contribute to the entire process of transmitting and receiving data between computers. It links a computer to another computer of the n/w through cable wires. A seven-layer model of OSI (Open System Interface) is used in the Internet for receiving and transmitting of data.
There are two types of memory modules : (i) SIMM : Single Inline Memory Modules (ii) DIMM : Double Inline Memory Modules These are small printed circuit cards (PCC) on which several DRAMS memory chips are placed. Such cards are plugged into the system board of the computer. The SIMM Circuit cards coRead more
There are two types of memory modules :
(i) SIMM : Single Inline Memory Modules
(ii) DIMM : Double Inline Memory Modules
These are small printed circuit cards (PCC) on which several DRAMS memory chips are placed. Such cards are plugged into the system board of the computer. The SIMM Circuit cards contain several memory chips with contacts placed on only one edge of this PCC whereas in DIMM, it‟s on both sides of the PCC.
Level-0 At level-0, Registers are present which are contained inside the CPU. Since they are present inside the CPU, they have least access time. They are most expensive and therefore smallest in size (in KB). Level-1 At level-1, Cache Memory is present. It stores the segments of program thatRead more
Level-0
At level-0,
Registers are present which are contained
inside the CPU.
Since they are present inside the CPU,
they have least access time.
They are most expensive and therefore
smallest in size (in KB).
Level-1
At level-1,
Cache Memory is present.
It stores the segments of program that are frequently accessed by the processor.
It is expensive and
therefore smaller in size (in MB).
Level-2
At level-2,
main memory is present.
It can communicate directly with the CPU and with auxiliary memory devices through an I/O processor.
FORMULA FOR SPEED OF NON-PIPELINED AND PIPELINED RATIO: Speed Up (S) =Non-pipelined execution time/Pipelined execution time Pipeline Execution Time = Maximum delay due to any stage + Register Delay = Max { 60, 50, 90, 80} + 10 ns = 90 ns + 10 ns = 100 ns Non-pipeline execution time for one instructiRead more
FORMULA FOR SPEED OF NON-PIPELINED AND PIPELINED RATIO:
Speed Up (S) =Non-pipelined execution time/Pipelined execution time
Pipeline Execution Time
= Maximum delay due to any stage + Register Delay
= Max { 60, 50, 90, 80} + 10 ns
= 90 ns + 10 ns
= 100 ns
Non-pipeline execution time for one instruction
= 60 ns + 50 ns +90 ns + 80 ns
= 280 ns
Speed up
= Non-pipeline execution time / Pipeline execution time
= 280 ns / 100 ns
= 2.8
For simultaneous memory access organization, we have Average memory access time = H1 x T1 + (1 - H1) X H2 x T2 = 0.8 x 5 ns + (1 - 0.8) x 1 x 100 ns = 4 ns + 0.2 x 100 ns = 4 ns + 20 ns = 24 ns
For simultaneous memory access organization,
we have
Average memory access time = H1 x T1 + (1 - H1) X H2 x T2
= 0.8 x 5 ns + (1 - 0.8) x 1 x 100 ns = 4 ns + 0.2 x 100 ns = 4 ns + 20 ns
= 24 ns
Explain in detail about the concept of Addressing in the Memory. What is an Instruction Cycle?
Q.Explain in detail about the concept of Addressing in the Memory. Each instruction needs data on which it has to perform the specified operation. The data may be in the accumulator, GPR (general purpose registers) or in some specified memory location. The techniques of specifying the address of theRead more
Q.Explain in detail about the concept of Addressing in the Memory.
Each instruction needs data on which it has to perform the specified operation. The data may be in the accumulator, GPR (general purpose registers) or in some specified memory location.
The techniques of specifying the address of the data are known as addressing modes.
The important addressing modes are as follows :
(i) Direct Addressing
(ii) Register Addressing
(iii) Register Indirect Addressing
(iv) Immediate Addressing
(v) Relation Addressing
(i) Direct Addressing: In this, the address of the data is specified within the instruction itself.
Example of direct addressing is :
(a) STA 2500H : store the contents of accumulator in the memory location 2500H.
(ii) Register Addressing: In register addressing, the operands are located in the general purpose registers. In other words the contents of the register are the operands. Therefore only this name of the register is to be specified in the instruction.
E.g. of register addressing are :
(a) MOV A, B: Transfer the contents of register B to register A.
(iii) Register Indirect Addressing: In this, the address of the operand is given directly. The contents of a register or a registers pairs are the address of the operand.
Example : LX1 H, 2400H–> load H-L pair with 2400 H.
(a) MOV A, M : Move the contents of the memory location whose address is in H-L pair to the accumulator.
(iv) Immediate addressing: In this the operand in given in the instruction itself. E.g. (a) MVI A, 06 : Move 06 to an accumulator.
(v) Relation Addressing: In this, a signed displacement is added to the current value of the program counter to form the effective address. This is also known as PC relative addressing.
Q.What is an Instruction Cycle?
The main function of a CPU is to execute programs. A program converts of a sequence of instructions to perform a particular task.
Program as stored in a memory. The CPU fetcher one instruction at a time from the memory & executes it. Then it fetches the vent instruction to execute it.
The CPU repeats this process till it executes all the instructions of the program. Thereafter, it may take another program if any, to execute.
The necessary steps that the processor has to carry out for fetching an instruction from the memory and executing an instruction from the memory and executing it, constitute an instruction cycle.
An instruction cycle consists of 2 parts. Fetch cycle & execute cycle.
In the fetch cycle, the CPU fetches the m/c code of this instruction from the memory. The necessary steps that are carried out to fetch an opcode from the memory constitute a fetch cycle.
In executing cycle instruction is executed.
The necessary which are carried to execute an instruction constitute are execute cycle.
See lessExplain about the System Clock. Explain about the System Bus. Explain the role of Expansion Slots. List out various Cards …
SYSTEM CLOCK: Every computer has got a system clock. It‟s located in the microprocessor. The clock is design by a piece of quartz crystal. The system clock keeps the computer system coordinated. It‟s an electronic system which keeps oscillating at specified times intervals, between 0 & 1. The spRead more
SYSTEM CLOCK:
Every computer has got a system clock. It‟s located in the microprocessor. The
clock is design by a piece of quartz crystal. The system clock keeps the computer
system coordinated. It‟s an electronic system which keeps oscillating at specified
times intervals, between 0 & 1. The speed at which this oscillation takes place is
called the cycle of the clock. The time taken to reach from „0‟ to „1‟ and back is
called clock cycle the speed of the system clock is measured in terms of Hz.
SYSTEM BUS:
Bus means the electronic path between various components Bus refers to
particular types of a cable. Each cable of a bus carries information of one bit.
Buses are of 3 types :
(1) Address Bus:It carries the address of memory location of required
instructions and data. The address Bus is unidirectional, i.e., data flows in
one direction from CPU to memory. The address bus data determines the
maximum number of memory addresses. This capacity is measured in
binary form. E.g. A 2 –bit address bus will provide 22 addresses.
(2) Data Bus: Data bus is an electronic path that connects CPU, memory &
other h/w devices. Data bus carries the data from CPU to memory or I/P–
O/P devices and vice versa. It‟s a directional bus because it can transmit
data in either direction. The processing speed of a computer increases if the
data bus is large as it takes more data at one time.
(3) Control Bus: Control Bus controls the memory and I/O devices. This bus
is bidirectional. The CPU sends signals on the control bus to enable the
O/P of the addressed memory devices.
EXPANSION SLOT:
The main function of the mother board is to enable connectivity between various
parts of a computer with processor & memory. Various hardware cards can be
fixed on the mother board to save different purposes. Mother boards have slots to
fix the various cards-like video card, modem, sound cards etc, expansion slots on
the motherboard can be used fro the following purposes:
(i) To connect the internal devices of a computer eg. Hard disk etc. to the
computer bus.
(ii) To connect the computer to the external devices like mouse, printer etc.
The above functions are carried out with the help of adapters.
VARIOUS CARDS:
(1) Sound Card: The sound card converts the
sound into computer language & vice versa. All sound cards are based on
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) which represents the music in
electronic form. The main part of sound card is DSP (Digital signal
processor) which uses arithmetic logic to bring out sound effects.
(2) SCSI (Small Compute System Interface) :This technology is used in high
speed hard disk. It‟s often used in servers where high volume of data is
used. At present different versions of SCSI are used. The capacity of the
SCSI is determined by the bus width and speed of the interface. Through
SCSI the computers bus is extended by means of the cable. It‟s an extension
of the computer bus.
(3) Network Cards : N/W card is a versatile device because it performs a number of
tasks that contribute to the entire process of transmitting and receiving data between computers. It links a computer to another computer of the n/w through cable wires. A seven-layer model of OSI (Open System Interface) is used in the Internet for receiving and transmitting of data.
See lessExplain the different types of Memory Modules.
There are two types of memory modules : (i) SIMM : Single Inline Memory Modules (ii) DIMM : Double Inline Memory Modules These are small printed circuit cards (PCC) on which several DRAMS memory chips are placed. Such cards are plugged into the system board of the computer. The SIMM Circuit cards coRead more
There are two types of memory modules :
(i) SIMM : Single Inline Memory Modules
(ii) DIMM : Double Inline Memory Modules
These are small printed circuit cards (PCC) on which several DRAMS memory chips are placed. Such cards are plugged into the system board of the computer. The SIMM Circuit cards contain several memory chips with contacts placed on only one edge of this PCC whereas in DIMM, it‟s on both sides of the PCC.
See lessExplain Memory Hierarchy in Computer Architecture.
Level-0 At level-0, Registers are present which are contained inside the CPU. Since they are present inside the CPU, they have least access time. They are most expensive and therefore smallest in size (in KB). Level-1 At level-1, Cache Memory is present. It stores the segments of program thatRead more
Level-0
At level-0,
Registers are present which are contained
inside the CPU.
Since they are present inside the CPU,
they have least access time.
They are most expensive and therefore
smallest in size (in KB).
Level-1
At level-1,
Cache Memory is present.
It stores the segments of program that are frequently accessed by the processor.
It is expensive and
therefore smaller in size (in MB).
Level-2
At level-2,
main memory is present.
It can communicate directly with the CPU and with auxiliary memory devices through an I/O processor.
It is less expensive than cache memory
and therefore larger in size (in few GB).
Level-3
At level-3,
Secondary storage devices like magnetic disk
are present.
They are used as back up storage.
They are cheaper than main memory
and therefore much larger in size (in few TB).
Level-4
At level-4,
Tertiary storage devices like magnetic tape
are present.
They are used to store removable files.
They are cheapest and largest in size
(1-20 TB).
See lessConsider an instruction pipeline having 4 phases with duration 60, 50, 90 and 80ns. Given latch delay is 10 ns. …
FORMULA FOR SPEED OF NON-PIPELINED AND PIPELINED RATIO: Speed Up (S) =Non-pipelined execution time/Pipelined execution time Pipeline Execution Time = Maximum delay due to any stage + Register Delay = Max { 60, 50, 90, 80} + 10 ns = 90 ns + 10 ns = 100 ns Non-pipeline execution time for one instructiRead more
FORMULA FOR SPEED OF NON-PIPELINED AND PIPELINED RATIO: Speed Up (S) =Non-pipelined execution time/Pipelined execution time Pipeline Execution Time = Maximum delay due to any stage + Register Delay = Max { 60, 50, 90, 80} + 10 ns = 90 ns + 10 ns = 100 ns Non-pipeline execution time for one instruction = 60 ns + 50 ns +90 ns + 80 ns = 280 ns Speed up = Non-pipeline execution time / Pipeline execution time = 280 ns / 100 ns = 2.8See lessWhat is the average memory access time for a machine with a cache hit rate of 80%, cache access time …
For simultaneous memory access organization, we have Average memory access time = H1 x T1 + (1 - H1) X H2 x T2 = 0.8 x 5 ns + (1 - 0.8) x 1 x 100 ns = 4 ns + 0.2 x 100 ns = 4 ns + 20 ns = 24 ns