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Explain What is Biological Neural Network in AI? | What Do You Mean by Artificial Neural Network?
ANN Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a type of neural network which is based on a Feed-Forward strategy. It is called this because they pass information through the nodes continuously till it reaches the output node. This is also known as the simplest type of neural network. Advantages of ArtificiRead more
ANN
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a type of neural network which is based on a Feed-Forward strategy. It is called this because they pass information through the nodes continuously till it reaches the output node. This is also known as the simplest type of neural network.
Advantages of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
Parallel processing capability:
Artificial neural networks have a numerical value that can perform more than one task simultaneously.
Storing data on the entire network:
Data that is used in traditional programming is stored on the whole network, not on a database. The disappearance of a couple of pieces of data in one place doesn’t prevent the network from working.
Capability to work with incomplete knowledge:
After ANN training, the information may produce output even with inadequate data. The loss of performance here relies upon the significance of missing data.
Having a memory distribution:
For ANN is to be able to adapt, it is important to determine the examples and to encourage the network according to the desired output by demonstrating these examples to the network. The succession of the network is directly proportional to the chosen instances, and if the event can’t appear to the network in all its aspects, it can produce false output.
Disadvantages of Artificial Neural Network:
Assurance of proper network structure:
There is no particular guideline for determining the structure of artificial neural networks. The appropriate network structure is accomplished through experience, trial, and error.
Unrecognized behavior of the network:
It is the most significant issue of ANN. When ANN produces a testing solution, it does not provide insight concerning why and how. It decreases trust in the network.
Hardware dependence:
Artificial neural networks need processors with parallel processing power, as per their structure. Therefore, the realization of the equipment is dependent.
Difficulty of showing the issue to the network:
ANNs can work with numerical data. Problems must be converted into numerical values before being introduced to ANN. The presentation mechanism to be resolved here will directly impact the performance of the network. It relies on the user’s abilities.
BNN
Biological Neural Network (BNN) is a structure that consists of Synapse, dendrites, cell body, and axon. In this neural network, the processing is carried out by neurons. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, Soma sums all the incoming signals and axon transmits the signals to other cells.
Advantages of BNN :
Disadvantages of BNN :
- There is no controlling mechanism.
- Speed of processing is slow being it complex.
See lessAnalyse the instructions below and comment on Addressing mode: MOV …
MOV CX, AX : Register addressing mode MOV AX, [1592H] : Direct addressing mode ADD CX, [AX+SI] : Based-index addressing mode MOV BX, [SI+16] : Indexed addressing mode ADD BX, AX : Register addressing mode
MOV CX, AX : Register addressing mode
MOV AX, [1592H] : Direct addressing mode
ADD CX, [AX+SI] : Based-index addressing mode
MOV BX, [SI+16] : Indexed addressing mode
ADD BX, AX : Register addressing mode
See lessState the significance of LOCK signal in 8086. In which …
If 8086 is working at maximum mode, there are multiprocessors are present. If the system bus is given to a processor then the LOCK signal is made low. That means the system bus is busy and it cannot be given of any other processors. After the use of the system bus again the LOCK signal is made high.Read more
If 8086 is working at maximum mode, there are multiprocessors are present. If the system bus is given to a processor then the LOCK signal is made low. That means the system bus is busy and it cannot be given of any other processors. After the use of the system bus again the LOCK signal is made high. That means it is ready to give the system bus to any processor.
It is activated using the LOCK prefix on any instruction and is available at pin 29..
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See lessIf the content of DS and BX register is 2500H …
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See lessAnalyze the role of testing tools in maintaining the quality …
Software testing tools are required for the betterment of the application or software. That's why we have so many tools available in the market where some are open-source and paid tools. The significant difference between open-source and the paid tool is that the open-source tools have limited featuRead more
Software testing tools are required for the betterment of the application or software.
That’s why we have so many tools available in the market where some are open-source and paid tools.
The significant difference between open-source and the paid tool is that the open-source tools have limited features, whereas paid tool or commercial tools have no limitation for the features. The selection of tools depends on the user’s requirements, whether it is paid or free.
With the help of testing tools, we can improve our software performance, deliver a high-quality product, and reduce the duration of testing, which is spent on manual efforts.
The software testing tools can be categorized, depending on the licensing (paid or commercial, open-source), technology usage, type of testing, and so on.
Test management tool
Test management tools are used to keep track of all the testing activity, fast data analysis, manage manual and automation test cases, various environments, and plan and maintain manual testing as well.
Bug tracking tool
The defect tracking tool is used to keep track of the bug fixes and ensure the delivery of a quality product. This tool can help us to find the bugs in the testing stage so that we can get the defect-free data in the production server. With the help of these tools, the end-users can allow reporting the bugs and issues directly on their applications.
Automation testing tool
This type of tool is used to enhance the productivity of the product and improve the accuracy. We can reduce the time and cost of the application by writing some test scripts in any programming language.
Performance testing tool
Performance or Load testing tools are used to check the load, stability, and scalability of the application. When n-number of the users using the application at the same time, and if the application gets crashed because of the immense load, to get through this type of issue, we need load testing tools.
Cross-browser testing tool
This type of tool is used when we need to compare a web application in the various web browser platforms. It is an important part when we are developing a project. With the help of these tools, we will ensure the consistent behavior of the application in multiple devices, browsers, and platforms.
Integration testing tool
This type of tool is used to test the interface between modules and find the critical bugs that are happened because of the different modules and ensuring that all the modules are working as per the client requirements.
GUI testing tool
GUI testing tool is used to test the User interface of the application because a proper GUI (graphical user interface) is always useful to grab the user’s attention. These type of tools will help to find the loopholes in the application’s design and makes its better.
Security testing tool
The security testing tool is used to ensure the security of the software and check for the security leakage. If any security loophole is there, it could be fixed at the early stage of the product. We need this type of the tool when the software has encoded the security code which is not accessible by the unauthorized users.
See lessDifferentiate between reverse engineering and forward engineering by considering example …
Forward Engineering Forward engineering is a process of obtaining desired software from the specifications in hand which was brought down by means of reverse engineering. It assumes that there was some software engineering already done in the past. Forward engineering is the same as the software engRead more
Forward Engineering
Reverse Engineering
- Reverse engineering can extract design information from source code, but the abstraction level, the completeness of the documentation, the degree to which tools and a human analyst work together.
- The directionality of the process are highly variable.
- The abstraction level of a reverse engineering process and the tools used to effect it refers to the sophistication of the design information that can be extracted from source code.
- Ideally, the abstraction level should be as high as possible.
- That is, the reverse engineering process should be capable of deriving procedural design representations (a low-level abstraction), program and data structure information (a somewhat higher level of abstraction), object models, data and/or control flow models (a relatively high level of abstraction), and entity-relationship models (a high level of abstraction).
- As the abstraction level increases, you are provided with information that will allow an easier understanding of the program
- The completeness of a reverse engineering process refers to the level of detail that is provided at an abstraction level. In most cases, the completeness decreases as the abstraction level increases.
- Interactivity refers to the degree to which the human is “integrated” with automated tools to create an effective reverse engineering process.
- In most cases, as the abstraction level increases, interactivity must increase or completeness will suffer.
- The directionality of the reverse engineering process is one-way, all information extracted from the source code is provided to the software engineer who can then use it during any maintenance activity.
- An example of backward engineering is research on Instruments etc.
See lessIf the content of DS and BX register is 2500H …
Content of DS and BX register is 2500H and 1000H, respectively. In microprocessor 8086, we have AX, BX, CX, DX and DS as registers. AX is called the accumulator. Each register is used to store values and perform operations. Microprocessors use assembly language to perform functions. MOV instructionRead more
Content of DS and BX register is 2500H and 1000H, respectively.
In microprocessor 8086, we have AX, BX, CX, DX and DS as registers. AX is called the accumulator. Each register is used to store values and perform operations.
Microprocessors use assembly language to perform functions.
MOV instruction is used to move contents from one register to other. The content where it is present is called the source register and where it is moved is called the destination register.
To move contents from DS to BX, use command:
MOV BX, [DS]
Here DS is the source register on the left and BX is the destination register on the right. Content will be moved from the register mentioned in the right to the register mentioned in the left. So content will be moved from DS to BX.
See lessGive the names of various registers carrying offset address of …
Segment Registers 1. 8086 addresses a segmented memory 2. Complete I MB memory is divided into 16 logical segments, each of 64 KB. 3. There are 4 segment registers: Code Segment (CS), Data Segment (DS), Extra Segment (ES) and Stack Segment (SS). 4. Segment Registers hold the offset address of the reRead more
Segment Registers
1. 8086 addresses a segmented memory
2. Complete I MB memory is divided into 16 logical segments,
each of 64 KB.
3. There are 4 segment registers: Code Segment (CS), Data
Segment (DS), Extra Segment (ES) and Stack Segment (SS).
4. Segment Registers hold the offset address of the respective
segments.
- CS, code segment: Machine instructions exist at some offset into a code segment. The segment address of the code segment of the currently executing instruction is contained in CS.
- DS, data segment: Variables and other data exist at some offset into a data segment. There may be many data segments, but the CPU may only use one at a time, by placing the segment address of that segment in register DS.
- SS, stack segment: The stack is a very important component of the CPU used for temporary storage of data and addresses. Therefore, the stack has a segment address, which is contained in register SS.
- ES, extra segment: The extra segment is exactly that: a spare segment that may be used for specifying a location in memory.
See lessFind The Minimum From Two 8 bit Numbers | Find The Largest of Two 8-bit numbers.
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